基于点评估方法的两广地区番木瓜中农药残留膳食暴露风险研究

为评估两广地区番木瓜中主要农药的残留情况及其产生的风险,采集了广东、广西地区40个生产基地的番木瓜样品进行测试分析,研究其生产过程中使用的杀虫剂、杀菌剂、杀螨剂和植物生长调节剂等各种农药残留情况,并对我国不同人群的膳食暴露风险进行了评估。结果显示,40批次番木瓜中检出农药残留32批次;在检出的32份番木瓜样品中,检出率超过10%的有咪鲜胺、吡虫啉、多菌灵、啶虫脒和苯醚甲环唑5种农药,检出率分别为51.1%、21.5%、13.3%、11.1%、10.9%。采用点评估方法,选择检出率在10%以上的咪鲜胺、吡虫啉、多菌灵、啶虫脒和苯醚甲环唑,进行农药残留慢性膳食摄入风险（%ADI）评估、急性膳食摄入风险（%ARfD）评估,并进行不同消费人群暴露点评估。结果显示：检出的5种农药%ADI均低于100.00%,为0.00023%~0.0059%;%ARfD远低于100%,为0.50%~28.3%,5种农药的急性和慢性摄入风险均为儿童高于成年人,绝大多数女性的摄入风险高于男性;5种农药急性摄入风险均高于慢性摄入风险,风险水平由高到低为咪鲜胺>啶虫脒>苯醚甲环唑>多菌灵>吡虫啉,但点评估结果均远低于100%,说明通过食用番木瓜摄入的农药残留极其微量,不会对人体产生急性或慢性风险。     

常用肥料对作物重金属积累的影响及其机理研究进展

我国肥料用量和种类均日益增多，其重金属含量及对作物重金属积累影响复杂，亟待全面开展肥料重金属安全性评价工作。从常见肥料重金属含量、肥料对作物积累重金属的影响及影响机理三方面阐述了肥料重金属安全性评价的研究进展。有机肥和固废堆肥重金属污染问题严重，无机化肥和其他新型肥料中重金属污染问题也不容忽视。肥料一方面可以作为重金属污染源对土壤和作物造成重金属污染，另一方面也可能通过改变土壤中重金属的赋存形态、影响作物根对重金属的吸收和根向地上部分的转运等生化机理而影响作物中重金属含量。在比较了常见肥料中重金属污染特征、生物积累行为及机理基础上，对肥料重金属安全性评价的研究前景进行了展望。     

黄淮海与环渤海设施蔬菜产区重金属累积特征和环境质量评价

黄淮海与环渤海设施蔬菜产区是全国蔬菜发展的六大优势产区之一。通过收集2011～2019年黄淮海与环渤海设施菜田重金属研究的文献数据,对该区域重金属污染和环境质量进行了统计分析。结果表明,黄淮海与环渤海设施蔬菜产区土壤重金属Cu、Zn、Cr、Ni、Pb、Cd、As和Hg的平均含量均低于温室蔬菜产地环境质量评价标准限量值。与各个省市土壤背景值相比,土壤出现了明显的Cu、Zn、Cd和Hg累积,Cr和As均没有出现累积。8种重金属元素单项污染指数范围在0.30～0.80,排序依次为:CdPbHg=NiZnCuAsCr,仅Cd处于警戒等级,其余重金属元素均处于清洁等级。8种重金属综合污染指数平均值为0.75,表明该区域重金属污染处于警戒水平,需采取相应的污染防控措施。     

山地电力架空线路运维质量的智能评估

山地电力架空线路大多沿山架设,穿越树竹林,周边的树竹生长缺陷引发短路故障频繁发生,造成用电客户的大量投诉,用户体验满意度下降,抢修抢险费用大幅度攀升,严重影响供电公司的信誉和售电收益.为了提升用电客户的满意度和供电公司的售电受益,采用主成分分析方法提取了山地电力架空线路通道运维质量的3个主要影响因素,它们分别是树竹生长缺陷数、缺陷的消除数和通道运维资金使用合理度.对树竹的生长规律建立一个预测模型,从而得到树竹生长缺陷数的一个预测,根据预测结果划拨架空线路所在供电所的运维资金,消除树竹生长的缺陷数,再用Logistic回归模型,构建架空线路通道运维质量智能评估模型,使供电公司对架空线路运维实现基于数据决策的模式,尽可能保证供电线路零故障运行.     

Evidence of clandestine harvest and failure of conservation policies for Argopecten purpuratus in the Rinconada Marine Reserve (Chile)

1. The study of Argopecten purpuratus reproduction, post‐larval settlement, stock size, and population size structure and shell growth was undertaken in the 2000s in the Rinconada marine reserve (Chile) to evaluate the effectiveness of scallop recruitment and self‐sustainability.
2. The results highlight strong seasonal and inter‐annual variations of environmental conditions and scallop gonadosomatic index, spat collection, benthic distribution, total abundance and population size structure.
3. The Von Bertalanffy growth parameters were L_∞ = 120.12 mm and K = 0.9681; commercial size would be reached in about 17.2 months in the bay. Substrate availability, meteorological conditions, hydrodynamics and illegal harvesting explain spatial and temporal variations in scallop distribution and abundance.
4. Recruitment strength depends on one main cohort from year to year. While recruitment made up 81% and 94% of total abundances in May 2002 and May 2003, respectively, there were no overall density‐dependent relationships between stock size and recruitment. Spawning asynchrony in the bay supports the hypothesis that multiple gamete releases form part of a reproductive strategy in response to environmental variability.
5. The massive disappearance of large‐sized scallops during the study periods was direct evidence of overfishing owing to clandestine harvesting within the marine reserve. The failure of current legislation, strategies and policies for scallop conservation requires new regulations to restore scallop stock size, maintain its reproductive performance and limit illegal harvesting in the Rinconada.
6. A scenario allowing harvesting regulated by stock‐dependent fishing quotas would more efficiently ensure stock recovery and self‐sustainability. The modalities of this new policy are discussed.

     

重庆市荣昌区饮用水源地环境评估与管理对策

为保障城镇居民饮水安全,从水源地环境管理状况和水源地水质评价2个方面对环境状况进行评估。结果表明,虽然高升桥饮用水源地综合评估结果为优秀,水质状况较好,但在水源地管理方面仍存在较多问题。针对监测能力、监管能力不足和群众环保意识薄弱等问题,提出了相关对策。     

A stochastic surplus production model in continuous time

Surplus production modelling has a long history as a method for managing data‐limited fish stocks. Recent advancements have cast surplus production models as state‐space models that separate random variability of stock dynamics from error in observed indices of biomass. We present a stochastic surplus production model in continuous time (SPiCT), which in addition to stock dynamics also models the dynamics of the fisheries. This enables error in the catch process to be reflected in the uncertainty of estimated model parameters and management quantities. Benefits of the continuous‐time state‐space model formulation include the ability to provide estimates of exploitable biomass and fishing mortality at any point in time from data sampled at arbitrary and possibly irregular intervals. We show in a simulation that the ability to analyse subannual data can increase the effective sample size and improve estimation of reference points relative to discrete‐time analysis of aggregated annual data. Finally, subannual data from five North Sea stocks are analysed with particular focus on using residual analysis to diagnose model insufficiencies and identify necessary model extensions such as robust estimation and incorporation of seasonality. We argue that including all known sources of uncertainty, propagation of that uncertainty to reference points and checking of model assumptions using residuals are critical prerequisites to rigorous fish stock management based on surplus production models.     

An assessment of carcass counting surveys with increasing time lapse following a simulated fish kill on a small upland stream

A simulated fish kill was conducted on a small upland stream in Northern Ireland by planting out hatchery‐produced brown trout Salmo trutta L. carcasses of various size categories. Standard, post‐fish kill, assessment walkover surveys were conducted over time intervals to determine the number of carcasses visible. The sample variance between individual surveyors was generally low, with good agreement between the observed counts for the three, discrete, size fractions of fish up to 72 hr after the simulated fish kill. Despite low discharge rates, shallow water and good accessibility to the experimental stream, only 52% of the small category fish (<8 cm L_F) were recorded 4 hr after the start of the simulated fish kill. Larger carcasses (>17 cm L_F) were more visible, and >90% were detected 48 hr after the start of the simulated fish kill. After 96 hr, all size fractions of carcasses had reduced significantly, and the variability between replicate surveys increased markedly.     

Effects of biodegradable mulch on soil quality

Biodegradable plastic films are desirable alternatives to traditional black polyethylene plastic for use as mulches in agroecosystems. Efforts are ongoing to engineer biodegradable plastic mulches that could be incorporated into the soil at the end of the crop season, and decomposed by microorganisms, ultimately to CO₂, H₂O, and biomass. Whether changes in soil quality occur during or following biodegradation is unknown. An 18-month study evaluated the effects on soil quality following burial of four potentially biodegradable mulches and a no mulch control in high tunnel and open field tomato production systems across three geographically distinct locations (Knoxville, TN; Lubbock, TX; Mount Vernon, WA). The mulch treatments included: two starch-based mulches (BioAgri^® Ag-Film and BioTelo Agri); one experimental 100% polylactic acid mulch (Spunbond-PLA-10); one cellulose-based mulch (WeedGuardPlus; positive control); and a negative control (no mulch). The soil management assessment framework (SMAF) was used to calculate a soil quality index (SQI) according to five dynamic soil properties: microbial biomass carbon, β-glucosidase, electrical conductivity, total organic carbon (TOC), and pH. Within the 18-month evaluation period, the effects of the biodegradable mulches on the SQI were minor, and dependent upon production system and time of incubation at all locations. In general, the SQI was higher in the high tunnel systems for some of the mulch treatments at Knoxville and Lubbock but the opposite was true at Mount Vernon. By the final sampling at 18 months, the SQI was lowest for WeedGuardPlus at Lubbock and Mount Vernon but at Knoxville, the WeedGuardPlus SQI was not significantly different from the no mulch control. Of the five SMAF indicators evaluated, soil microbial biomass and β-glucosidase activity were the most responsive to mulch and production systems, supporting the use of these variables as soil quality indicators for short-term changes due to this agricultural management practice.     

浅谈提高房地产项目环评审批效率的措施

为提高苏州高新区房地产建设项目的环评审批效率,在此分析了房地产项目的建设特点及环评审批现状,并结合相关的法律法规依据,提出合理调整环评评价内容、降低环评评价等级、提高环评审批效率的意见和建议。